Peptides have emerged as a significant area of interest within exercise physiology, sports science, and performance biology due to their potential involvement in muscular adaptation, recovery dynamics, and metabolic efficiency. Composed of short chains of amino acids, peptides function as signaling molecules that may influence a range of physiological pathways relevant to strength development and athletic performance. This overview explores nine peptides commonly referenced in performance-related research, examining their hypothesized mechanisms and the biological processes they may modulate. Current scientific investigations focus on how specific peptides interact with growth hormone release, insulin-like growth factor signaling, and cellular protein synthesis pathways closely associated with muscle hypertrophy, strength progression, and training adaptation. In addition, several peptides are studied for their potential effects on connective tissue remodeling, collagen synthesis, and inflammatory regulation, which are critical components of recovery and injury resilience in high-intensity training environments.