A crystallizer concentrates liquid waste streams into solid crystals and clean water, using a solid-liquid separation technique. Crystallization happens in two stages: primary nucleation, where new crystals begin to form, and secondary nucleation, the stage responsible for the bulk of crystal mass production. In a wastewater application, crystallizers are typically paired with an evaporator: the evaporator concentrates the wastewater first, boiling off water to shrink the volume of liquid, and the crystallizer then takes that concentrated brine and drives it the rest of the way to dry or semi-dry solids.